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What Is Bitcoin?

Maybe you've heard of Bitcoin—it wants to shake the entire global economy, and has become the financial bubble du jour with a skyrocketing value. It's online money—an alternative to dollars and euros. Well what's that mean? It's complicated, but we break it down. More »
    


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Diamond as a building material for optical circuits

Diamond as a building material for optical circuits [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 11-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Monika Landgraf
presse@kit.edu
49-721-608-47414
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres

A revolution in optomechanical materials enables manufacturing of monolithic components / easy industrial processing of robust polycrystalline diamonds / precision sensors for oscillation measurement

This press release is available in German.

The application of light for information processing opens up a multitude of possibilities. However, to be able to adequately use photons in circuits and sensors, materials need to have particular optical and mechanical properties. Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have now for the first time used polycrystalline diamond to manufacture optical circuits and have published their results online in Nature Communications (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2710).

"Diamond has several properties that allow us to manufacture all components of a ready-to-use optomechanical circuit monolithically, so to speak," says KIT research group leader Wolfram Pernice. "The elements thus manufactured that is, the resonators, circuits, and the wafer, are attractive because of their high quality."

Diamond is optically transparent to light waves of a wide range of wavelengths including the visible spectrum between 400 and 750 nm. It is due to this fact that it can be used specifically in optomechanical circuits for applications in sensor technology and fluorescence imaging, or for novel optical biological measuring methods. Whereas the high refractive index of diamond and the absence of absorption allow an efficient photon transport, its high modulus of elasticity makes it a robust material which adapts excellently to rough surfaces and releases heat rapidly.

So far, optical circuits have been manufactured using monocrystalline diamond substrates i.e., highly pure crystals with typically no more than one impurity atom to every one billion diamond atoms. Such circuits are bound to be small and their application to optical systems has required sophisticated fabrication methods.

Now, for the first time, the research group headed by Pernice used polycrystalline diamond for the fabrication of wafer-based optomechanical circuits. Even though its crystal structures are more irregular, polycrystalline diamond is robust and thus can be more easily processed. It is due to these specific properties that polycrystalline diamond can be used on much larger areas than monocrystalline material. Polycrystalline diamond conducts photons almost as efficiently as the monocrystalline substrate and is suitable for industrial use. As a matter of fact, monolithic optomechanical components could not have been manufactured without this new material.

Optomechanics combines integrated optics with mechanical elements e.g., with nanomechanical resonators in the case of the optomechanical circuit developed by Pernice and his group. These oscillatory systems react to a certain frequency. When that frequency occurs, the resonator is excited into vibration. "Nanomechanical resonators are among today's most sensitive sensors and are used in various precision measurements. It is extremely difficult, however, to address such smallest components through conventional measuring methods," explains Patrik Rath, first author of the study. "In our study, we have made use of the fact that today, nanophotonic components can be manufactured in the same sizes as nanoscale mechanical resonators. When the resonator responds, corresponding optical signals are transferred directly to the circuit." This novel development has allowed the combining of once separate fields of research and has enabled the realization of highly efficient optomechanical circuits.

Integrated optics works in a similar manner to integrated electrical circuits. Whereas optical circuits transmit information via photons, conventional electronic circuits transfer data via electrons. Integrated optics aims to combine all components required for optical communication in an integrated optical circuit to avoid a detour via electrical signals. In both cases, the respective circuits are applied to slices less than one mm in thickness i.e., to the so-called wafers.

The polycrystalline diamond was manufactured in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics and the company Diamond Materials in Freiburg, Germany. The prototypes manufactured within the Integrated Quantum Photonics-project at the DFG Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) in Karlsruhe open up new ways for entirely optically controlled platforms that are increasingly needed in fundamental research and advanced sensor technologies. These technologies include accelerometers that are integrated in various electronic devices such as airbag sensors or smartphone waterlevels.

###

The study is available on the portal of Nature. http://www.nature.com/ncomms/index.html

The DFG Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN) devotes its attention to the important area of nanotechnology and functional nanostructures. Its objective is to carry out excellent interdisciplinary and international research in order to produce nanostructures with new technical functions and take the first step from fundamental research to application. At the present time, more than 250 scientists and engineers cooperate in more than 80 subprojects networked through the CFN in Karlsruhe, focusing on the areas of nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, molecular nanostructures, nanobiology, and nanoenergy.

http://www.cfn.kit.edu

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is a public corporation according to the legislation of the state of Baden-Wrttemberg. It fulfills the mission of a university and the mission of a national research center of the Helmholtz Association. KIT focuses on a knowledge triangle that links the tasks of research, teaching, and innovation.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Diamond as a building material for optical circuits [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 11-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Monika Landgraf
presse@kit.edu
49-721-608-47414
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres

A revolution in optomechanical materials enables manufacturing of monolithic components / easy industrial processing of robust polycrystalline diamonds / precision sensors for oscillation measurement

This press release is available in German.

The application of light for information processing opens up a multitude of possibilities. However, to be able to adequately use photons in circuits and sensors, materials need to have particular optical and mechanical properties. Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have now for the first time used polycrystalline diamond to manufacture optical circuits and have published their results online in Nature Communications (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2710).

"Diamond has several properties that allow us to manufacture all components of a ready-to-use optomechanical circuit monolithically, so to speak," says KIT research group leader Wolfram Pernice. "The elements thus manufactured that is, the resonators, circuits, and the wafer, are attractive because of their high quality."

Diamond is optically transparent to light waves of a wide range of wavelengths including the visible spectrum between 400 and 750 nm. It is due to this fact that it can be used specifically in optomechanical circuits for applications in sensor technology and fluorescence imaging, or for novel optical biological measuring methods. Whereas the high refractive index of diamond and the absence of absorption allow an efficient photon transport, its high modulus of elasticity makes it a robust material which adapts excellently to rough surfaces and releases heat rapidly.

So far, optical circuits have been manufactured using monocrystalline diamond substrates i.e., highly pure crystals with typically no more than one impurity atom to every one billion diamond atoms. Such circuits are bound to be small and their application to optical systems has required sophisticated fabrication methods.

Now, for the first time, the research group headed by Pernice used polycrystalline diamond for the fabrication of wafer-based optomechanical circuits. Even though its crystal structures are more irregular, polycrystalline diamond is robust and thus can be more easily processed. It is due to these specific properties that polycrystalline diamond can be used on much larger areas than monocrystalline material. Polycrystalline diamond conducts photons almost as efficiently as the monocrystalline substrate and is suitable for industrial use. As a matter of fact, monolithic optomechanical components could not have been manufactured without this new material.

Optomechanics combines integrated optics with mechanical elements e.g., with nanomechanical resonators in the case of the optomechanical circuit developed by Pernice and his group. These oscillatory systems react to a certain frequency. When that frequency occurs, the resonator is excited into vibration. "Nanomechanical resonators are among today's most sensitive sensors and are used in various precision measurements. It is extremely difficult, however, to address such smallest components through conventional measuring methods," explains Patrik Rath, first author of the study. "In our study, we have made use of the fact that today, nanophotonic components can be manufactured in the same sizes as nanoscale mechanical resonators. When the resonator responds, corresponding optical signals are transferred directly to the circuit." This novel development has allowed the combining of once separate fields of research and has enabled the realization of highly efficient optomechanical circuits.

Integrated optics works in a similar manner to integrated electrical circuits. Whereas optical circuits transmit information via photons, conventional electronic circuits transfer data via electrons. Integrated optics aims to combine all components required for optical communication in an integrated optical circuit to avoid a detour via electrical signals. In both cases, the respective circuits are applied to slices less than one mm in thickness i.e., to the so-called wafers.

The polycrystalline diamond was manufactured in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics and the company Diamond Materials in Freiburg, Germany. The prototypes manufactured within the Integrated Quantum Photonics-project at the DFG Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) in Karlsruhe open up new ways for entirely optically controlled platforms that are increasingly needed in fundamental research and advanced sensor technologies. These technologies include accelerometers that are integrated in various electronic devices such as airbag sensors or smartphone waterlevels.

###

The study is available on the portal of Nature. http://www.nature.com/ncomms/index.html

The DFG Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN) devotes its attention to the important area of nanotechnology and functional nanostructures. Its objective is to carry out excellent interdisciplinary and international research in order to produce nanostructures with new technical functions and take the first step from fundamental research to application. At the present time, more than 250 scientists and engineers cooperate in more than 80 subprojects networked through the CFN in Karlsruhe, focusing on the areas of nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, molecular nanostructures, nanobiology, and nanoenergy.

http://www.cfn.kit.edu

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is a public corporation according to the legislation of the state of Baden-Wrttemberg. It fulfills the mission of a university and the mission of a national research center of the Helmholtz Association. KIT focuses on a knowledge triangle that links the tasks of research, teaching, and innovation.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/haog-daa041113.php

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China detains 10 for bird flu rumors, death toll at 9

By Pete Sweeney and Michael Martina

SHANGHAI/BEIJING (Reuters) - Chinese police detained at least 10 people for spreading rumors about the H7N9 bird flu virus, state media said on Wednesday, as the death toll from the new strain rose to nine.

Authorities detained the people in six provinces - Shaanxi, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Fujian - some of whom had posted "fake information" online about new cases of the virus in their areas, the official Xinhua news agency said.

The death toll and number of infections in China from the strain of bird flu first found in humans last month has ticked up daily.

Nine people have died out of 33 confirmed cases of the virus, all in eastern China, according to data from the National Health and Family Planning Commission. State media quoted authorities as saying a vaccine should be ready within months.

Until Wednesday, the source of the virus was not known but Chinese researchers said they had traced it to wild birds and chickens, Xinhua reported.

One man detained in Anhui province was given seven days of administrative detention for fabricating posts on microblogs about infections, Xinhua said.

The Xi'an city public security bureau in Shaanxi province is investigating another man's posts, "to prevent untrue information from causing public panic", Xinhua said.

Scientists around the world have praised China for its handling of the deadly outbreak, but many Chinese people are skeptical of the government's pronouncements about the H7N9 virus, given a history of public health scandals and cover-ups.

The government initially tried to conceal an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which emerged in China in 2002 and killed about one in 10 of the 8,000 people it infected worldwide.

Chinese Internet users have questioned why the government waited weeks to announce cases of the bird flu strain, but health officials said it took time to identify the virus, which was previously unknown in humans.

China's Communist Party is very keen to maintain social stability, but it has struggled to clamp down on rumors, which often spread quickly on the Internet.

Authorities have detained people in the past for rumors, including 93 people accused of circulating information about the apocalypse last December.

Still, some commentators have noted that reports of a flu-like condition killing one person near Shanghai had been circulating on Chinese microblogs weeks before the government confirmed it was a case of H7N9.

"From this you can see if the government tried to cover up like in 2003, but more and more of these posts surfaced, there would be no way to conceal it," social media watcher and journalist Wu Heng told Reuters.

"CAN BE CONTROLLED"

The latest H7N9 victim was from Anhui province, Xinhua reported. Among the new cases are several from Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, at least one of whom is dangerously ill, the news agency said.

"The outbreak overall is in a state that can be controlled," the State Council, or cabinet, said in a statement issued online after a meeting overseen by Premier Li Keqiang.

The China Securities Journal reported on Wednesday that a vaccine for H7N9 has been authorized by China Food and Drug Administration and is expected to be introduced to the market in the first half of this year.

The source was "traceable to wild birds from east Asia and chickens from east China", Xinhua reported, citing the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been investigating two "family clusters" of people suspected of having been infected with the H7N9 virus to see it its being spread between people.

The virus was found not to have infected anyone in the first cluster. The second cluster is still under investigation, the WHO said, though tests have been inconclusive and experts say the poor quality samples may make it impossible to determine.

The virus is severe in most humans, leading to fears that if it becomes easily transmissible, it could cause a deadly pandemic.

However, a WHO spokesman told a news briefing in Geneva there was no firm evidence of human-to-human transmission occurring which could spark a pandemic. Chinese health authorities have said the same thing.

(Reporting by Pete Sweeney and Jane Lee in SHANGHAI, Sally Huang, Michael Martina and Ben Blanchard in BEIJING, and Stephanie Ulmer-Nebehay in GENEVA; Editing by Raju Gopalakrishnan and Robert Birsel)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/china-bird-flu-toll-reaches-nine-013444927.html

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Thinking About Self Improvement? Try These Tricks! - ProjectPB ...

Improving your life through personal development can make you feel more confident and capable. You should start by learning more about self improvement to realize the true potential of this approach. Some of the advice you?ll find below might be just what you need to kick off your self improvement routine.

Perhaps you have set high goals for yourself and keep failing to attain them. If this is the case, it is a good idea to stop and think why. Do some research online for examples of goals and ideas that are similar to yours, then compare your own goals to your findings. This could illuminate a problem with the feasibility of your goals, your technique for achieving such goals, or even simply not allowing the time necessary to complete them.

Avoiding decisions means missing opportunities in the arena of personal development. Even if your knowledge is not what it could be, have the courage to make choices. Your good instincts will develop through your successful decisions. Bad decisions have value though because they are experiences that teach lessons. When you make the incorrect decision, learn from this, and make sure that it never happens again.

TIP! Mistakes cannot be avoided, this includes going off of your diet. Stress hurts your body as much as a large slice of high calorie pie, so take it all in stride.

Are you having a hard time finding that special someone? Think about searching online. Some research shows that forty percent of those finding their dating partners are using the Internet. Like those cheesy eHarmony commercials say, the love of your life could be just a click away. Of course, both websites have their disadvantages, but they are worth a try.

Becoming more healthy is an important part of developing personally. It is vital that you maintain motivation to eat well and exercise regularly. If you feel healthy, then you will always be at the top of your game, which makes it easier to meet your other self improvement goals.

Seek out new challenges. When you face a challenge, you can find more possibilities in life. You may learn something new or develop a new skill. You might even aspire to reach a goal that no one has reached before. Look for your own thing to do, instead of accomplishing things people have already done.

TIP! You do not need to be dealing with unneeded stress. Stress is a cycle; when you over-react to a stressful situation, it only causes further stress.

Being selfless is a big step in self improvement. There are times when you may have to sacrifice something and simply care for someone else. Being able to sacrifice for others and being able to get fulfillment, will help you develop into a more well-rounded person.

On the road to self improvement, treat your body with respect. Get regular exercise and eat a healthy diet. If you feel sick, see your doctor to find out what the problem is so it can be corrected. Listen to what your body has to say. Doing so will enable your body to function efficiently down the road. Ignoring your body?s signals will only hurt you in the long run.

Determine the things that are vital to you, and be sure to focus on these things. Personal development involves focusing on the important things in life while allowing negativity and unimportant matters to drift past.

TIP! An important new trait called sexual capitol is currently being researched. This doesn?t mean you need to use your sexuality as a means of getting the results you desire.

Create a self improvement plan by determining what your personal values are. Focus on those areas first to make the positive changes that are most important to your happiness. Focus on positive aspects to improve. These aspects should mesh with your values. By doing this, changes that you choose to make will be much easier to adhere to.

Check up on how you are doing by staying organized. Take your major goals, and break them down into small, manageable components. You can then achieve each of these minor goals more quickly. Use a daily planner or a dedicated journal to keep track of changes in your personal development.

Let your personal principles guide your personal development. Everyone has beliefs that are central to their sense of self. Use your faith in these principles to drive your faith in yourself. If your goals are grounded by your principles, you?ll be more consistent in pursuing them.

TIP! Keep track of your progress and learn to organize yourself. You may find it easier to achieve your goals if you break them down into smaller components.

You can teach yourself how to deal with tough situations without getting overly emotional. Come up with methods that will help relieve your stress and remain calm when problems pop up. Learning to breathe deeply upon command can give you back your sense of control.

You may achieve encouraging personal development results by trying out just a few of the preceding suggestions. Self improvement takes plenty of work. That work is easier to do when you are assisted by a little bit of good advice.

To be the best you can be means hoping others share in your good fortune. Often the negative thoughts projected on others can boomerang and come back onto you. The idea here is that you should act toward others with a positive attitude. Focus on the positive energy within you and keep the negative feelings from pulling you into an undesirable place.

TIP! Treat yourself right by respecting your body. If your body is telling you that you are hungry, thirsty, etc.

Knowing what Self Improvement can and cannot do for you takes time to figure out. However, by reading great articles such as this one, you can acquire some great advice about Self Improvement. Take your time and read through all of the provided information so you can absorb it and use it all when needed.

Source: http://www.projectpb.net/blog/index.php/personal_development/thinking-about-self-improvement-try-these-tricks/

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Build a better internship program this summer ? Business ...

If you hire interns, make 2013 the year you ramp up your summer program. Start viewing your internships from a workforce development perspective, and you will find that they benefit your organization?s recruitment, community involvement and diversity efforts.

Hiring students and recent college grads for a summer stint can generate interest in your field, your company and its technical specialties. It also can help stem a growing youth unemployment problem.

The slow rebound from the Great Recession has been particularly hard on young workers, leaving millions unemployed and underemployed largely because they don?t have the skills to qualify for scarce jobs. At the same time, one in three employers worldwide reports having trouble finding qualified employees. Well-designed internship programs?often run in concert with local nonprofits and workforce development agencies?can help solve both problems.

Siemens USA?s summer program...(register to read more)

To read the rest of this article you must first register with your email address.

Source: http://www.businessmanagementdaily.com/34697/build-a-better-internship-program-this-summer

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Electronic implants: New fast transcutaneous non-invasive battery recharger and energy feeder

Apr. 9, 2013 ? Ant?nio Abreu, a Sustainable Energy Systems PhD Student under the MIT Portugal Program, currently developing research work at LNEG (Laborat?rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia I.P.) has developed a non-invasive battery recharger system for electronic implants that allows a longer life for the internal implantable devices in the human body such as, pacemakers, defibrillators, electric heart, delaying considerable the usual customary surgery intervention for replacement.

According to the world health organization, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of deaths. On a last resource, patients with cardiovascular disease have to be aided through surgery and medical devices to help them perform the basic functions. Nevertheless medical devices, such as pacemaker that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to maintain a suitable heart rate and rhythm, need a source of energy and once the battery has run out they required a surgical procedure similar to the initial implantation to replace the device.

With the non-invasive battery recharger for electronic cardiac implants the need for a new surgical intervention is reduced, since it primes from being rechargeable, i.e. the patient will not need to be operated upon to change batteries every five to seven years, since these are rechargeable by irradiant electricity passing through the body. Ant?nio Abreu adds that "The non-invasive battery also allows for a customize energy consumption of the cardiac implants, therefore the consumption of energy can be regulated to adapted to its function and patients' pathology and activity. It guarantees the energetic supply of a communication channel between the exterior for diagnosis and/or implant reprogramming. In this case, there will be no demand of energy from the internal battery."

The principle of the operation is the use of a high efficient Transcutaneous Power System. However, these typical systems use electronic converters witch generate hazard electromagnetic interferences (EMI) that causes damage to the implants as to the patients. The present innovation takes into account the Energy Efficiency in electric transmission systems without ferromagnetic cores, regarding medical application. In practice it eliminates the Gibbs phenomena.

The invention optimizes the energy flow determined by the regime of exploration previewed at the innovative Predictor-Corrector Abacus conception.

The Predictor-Corrector Abacus is a representation in the complex plan of a situation where a specific load is supplied by an electrical energy to the Active Power P, and Reactive Power Q. What characterizes this Abacus is the circumstance of considering the effect of the reactance and the resistance of longitudinal transmission lines that is evident at the figure by the position of the angles of segments lines that proliferate in the first and second quadrants of the Argand's complex plan. The best position of the segments lines defines the maximum of power transference without electromagnetic interferences.

The Prototype, patented by Ant?nio Abreu in the USA and in Europe with the collaboration and support of the PRIME (Incentive Program for the Modernization of the Economy) program and approved by the European Commission, was initially designed for pacemakers application but currently, and according to the medical development, new improved technics were made to be suitable for high power (and high voltages too) devices, such defibrillators, electric heart, insulin pumps or other type of implantable prosthesis.

Moreover, the same principle that allows the supply of lower energy voltages can be applied to improve the high power electrical transmission and distribution systems (electrical grid) to reduce costs due the consumer electric consumption, according to the results obtained.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by MIT Portugal Program.

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Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/electronics/~3/howWyuk3dac/130409131804.htm

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